At the same time, boys have many fewer male role models in their daily lives. While men still fill most positions of power across American society, the people who interact with children are largely women.
Occupations like paediatrics have switched to mostly being done by women, while those that were always female-dominated, such as teaching, have become more so.
At a crucial time in their lives, boys are increasingly cared for by women, especially the many boys whose fathers are not a regular presence.
This lack of male role models, say researchers, parents, young men and those who work with them, is contributing to their struggles in school and employment – and the overall feeling that they are adrift.
Working with children has long been considered women’s work, and as a result, has been undervalued, with low pay and a stigma against men doing it. The share of professional men in children’s lives has decreased even more in recent decades.
Over roughly the same period, single-mother households became more common. Mentorship groups say they struggle to find as many male volunteers as there are boys who need them.
And as families have become more insular – participation in community groups and churches has declined, and children spend less time playing outside with neighbours – children get to know fewer adults.
Some researchers and people working to support boys say there needs to be more of a focus on recruiting and training men to work with children.
“While women, I believe, are doing their very, very best to raise boys, I believe until men become part of that process, we’re not going to make a huge dent in this issue,” said Tony Porter, chief executive of A Call To Men, a group that provides training on healthy manhood and violence prevention.
Face-to-face role models matter
Girls continue to need more role models, especially in areas once closed off to women, such as leadership. Boys have many examples of men in power – and of course, boys also learn from female role models.
But research suggests that it is the adults whom children personally know – and who share their gender or race – who have the biggest effect.
They influence children by representing what is possible, modelling behaviour and empathising from shared experience. And their presence has been found to improve educational performance, career decisions, motivation and relationships.
Much academic research on the role model effect has been about girls, but some studies have shown how having men in their lives helps boys.
Black boys do better in neighbourhoods where there are more fathers around, even if not their own. Coaches, one of the few male-dominated jobs working with children, can play a formative role in shaping children’s outcomes.
Growing up without a father at home, as one in five children do, particularly disadvantages boys, several studies have shown.
More On This Topic
Important to be present in our kids’ lives, say men at Dad’s Day Out event on Father’s Day
Minor Issues: How parents can prevent their sons from being sucked into the ‘manosphere’
In interviews and written responses sent to The New York Times’ Upshot as part of the newspaper’s reporting project on young men, several said the need for role models was more crucial than ever. This is because they thought society no longer had shared values about what being a good man means.
Boys in poor areas are the least likely to have male role models, which can contribute to achievement gaps by family income and gender, researchers have found.
Ms Michaela Kiger teaches at an alternative high school in New Castle, Delaware, where most of her students are boys from low-income families. The girls often have clear career plans, she said – mostly being health aides or cosmetologists – while the boys do not.
They cling to traditional gender roles, she said, believing they should provide for and protect their families, yet being unwilling to seek fast-growing healthcare jobs because they are considered women’s work.
“We tell them that they have a future and can pursue a different kind of life for themselves than what they were born into, but they don’t see enough concrete examples of that actually happening for men in their community,” Ms Kiger said.
A big role for coaches and teachers
Many men said that male mentors can make all the difference.
Mr Tristan Armstrong, a 26-year-old engineering graduate student in Salt Lake City, grew up in rural Utah, where he said he was surrounded by male role models – his grandfather, father, uncles, neighbours, teachers, Catholic priests and coaches.
When he was having a hard time in junior high, the football coach noticed, and recruited him to play.
The coach ended up being pivotal in Mr Armstrong’s life, “reaching out and helping me through that and finding the thing I excelled at and took pride in”, he said.
“He really looked at it like he was teaching us to be good, healthy, functioning young men.”
Mr Tim Gruber, 31, who teaches kindergarten and first grade in Driggs, Idaho, said he hopes his students see in him a full version of manhood.
“They see me as a guy amid a sea of women,” he said. “I would like to believe that I’m exhibiting different notions of masculinity. Yes, I’m a hard worker. Yes, I’m going to be strict and hold them to high expectations. But also, I will willingly share, I’ll cry with the kids, I will show my emotional side too.”
More On This Topic
Seeking answers on how to raise boys, Ruth Whippman turns research into a book
Involuntarily celibate: Inside the minds of ‘incels’ who blame women and society
Public support for activities outside school, in the arts or sciences or athletics, is important to ensure that children, especially those from low-income backgrounds, have a range of caring adults in their lives, said Jean Rhodes, a psychology professor and director of the Center for Evidence-Based Mentoring at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
And, she said, men who interact with children, even informally, could recognise their role in boys’ lives and receive training to become effective mentors. NYTIMES
